![]() ![]() Further, the effects of different nanoparticles, including aluminum oxide, copper oxide, and low-cost nanoparticles such as silicon dioxide, will be demonstrated. More specifically, this chapter investigates using nanoparticles and viscosifiers to improve foam stability. This chapter highlights the different foam-generation mechanisms and the deterioration effect of crude oil on CO2-foam stability. ![]() However, foam stability diminishes in harsh environments such as those with high salinity and temperature and when in contact with crude oil. In addition to carbon sequestration in underground formations, CO2 foam has low water content, which also reduces formation damage in water-sensitive formations and allows for fast cleanup. CO2-foam yields improved sweep efficiency in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications over that of polymers to avoid potential polymer-induced formation damage.
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